Not only is your CCNA exam going to have questions on VLAN trunking protocol, almost any network that has more than one VLAN is going to have VTP running. Whether you’re planning on passing the CCNA exam or just brushing up on your networking skills, this VTP tutorial will help you learn the basics of this important protocol.

VTP allows switches to advertise VLAN information between other members of the same VTP domain. VTP allows a consistent view of the switched network across all switches. When a VLAN is created on one switch in a VTP server, all other VTP devices in the domain are notified of that VLAN’s existence. VTP servers will know about every VLAN, even VLANs that have no members on that switch.

Switches run VTP in one of three modes. In server mode, VLANs can be created, modified, and deleted on a VTP server. When these actions are taken, the changes are advertised to all switches in the VTP domain. VTP Servers keep VLAN configuration information upon reboot.

In client mode, the switch cannot modify, create, or delete VLANs. VTP clients cannot retain VLAN configuration information upon reboot; they have to obtain this information from a VTP server.

In real-world networks, this is generally done to centralize the creation and deletion of VLANs. An interesting side effect of the server/client methodology is that if a VLAN is only to have ports on the VTP client switch, the VLAN must still first be created on the VTP server. The VTP client will learn about the VLAN from the VTP server, and ports can then be placed into that VLAN.

The third VTP mode is transparent mode. VTP switches in this mode ignore VTP messages. They do forward the VTP advertisements received from other switches. VLANs can be created, deleted, and modified on a transparent server, but those changes are not advertised to the other switches in the VTP domain.

For switches running VTP to successfully exchange VLAN information, three things have to happen. I’ve listed them for you in the order that you’ll see them in the real world.

The VTP domain name must match. This is case-sensitive. “CISCO” and “cisco” are two different domains.

To distribute information about a newly-created VLAN, the switch upon which that VLAN is created must be in Server mode.

Learning VTP isn’t just a good idea for passing your CCNA exams, it’s a skill you must have to be effective in configuring and troubleshooting VLANs. I wish you the best in both of these pursuits!

Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage, home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials, The Ultimate CCNA Study Package, and Ultimate CCNP Study Packages.

You can also join his RSS feed and visit his blog, which is updated several times daily with new Cisco certification articles, free tutorials, and daily CCNA / CCNP exam questions! Details are on the Web site.

For a FREE copy of his latest e-books, “How To Pass The CCNA” and “How To Pass The CCNP,” visit the Web site and download your free copies. You can also get FREE CCNA and CCNP exam questions every day! Get your CCNA study guide from The Bryant Advantage!

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Q1. What certifications does Cisco offer?
Cisco offers certifications in two areas, network installation/support and network engineering/design at three levels, associate, professional, and expert.
Q2. What certifications are offered at the associate level?
At the associate level Cisco offers CCNA and CCNA WAN Switching certification designed for those that want to be able to install, configure and operate LAN, WAN, and dial-up service for small networks. CCDA is geared towards candidates that want to be able to design these types of networks.
Q3. What certifications are offered at the professional level?
At the professional level Cisco offers CCNP and CCNP WAN Switching certification designed for those that want to be able to install, configure and operate LAN, WAN, and dial-up service for larger networks. CCDP and CCDP LAN Switching are offered for candidates that want to be able to design these types of networks.
Q4. What certifications are offered at the expert level?
At the expert level Cisco offers CCIE Routing and Switching, CCIE SNA/IP Integration, CCIE ISP Dial, and CCIE WAN switching designed for those that want to be able to operate highly complex network environments with specific protocols. CCIE Design is offered for candidates that want to design routed and switched networks with a very high degree of specialization.
Q5. How much money will I make if I get certified by Cisco?
It depends on the certification, but according to a recent salary survey by Certification Magazine the average salary for a Cisco certified professional is $59,550/yr. CCNAs make an average of $59,770 while starting salaries for CCIEs are over $100,000/yr. An average CCNA makes $9,967 more then before earning the certification and on average Cisco certified professionals make $10,606 more then they did before earning the certification (the most of any certification program!!).
Q6. How do I earn a Cisco certification?
Certifications are earned when a candidate passes one or more exams (some of the more advanced Cisco certifications also require lab work). Students can prepare for the exams in a number of ways, including instructor-led training, on-line training, self-study, and real world experience. Please check with Cisco for current exam requirements for certification.
Q7. Do I have to take a computer training class to earn a Cisco certification?
No, you only need to pass the test to earn the certification. However, the exams are very challenging and most candidates, even those with many years of experience, find it very useful to take a training class before taking the exam.

The 642-975 DCASI Cisco Data Center Support Implementation exam tests a candidate’s knowledge of the skills needed by a field engineer to install and support a Cisco Data Center Application Services platform.
The following topics are general guidelines for the content likely to be included on the Remote Access exam about Cisco DCASI Exam. However, other related topics may also appear on any specific delivery of the exam. In order to better reflect the contents of the exam and for clarity purposes, the guidelines below may change at any time without notice.
Implement ACE components of a DCAS solution
Troubleshoot a DCAS solution
Implement a Cisco Global Load Balancing Solution
Manage a DCAS solution

Cisco Systems has some of the most widely respected and highly sought after IT certifications in the industry. Individuals who earn the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) certification are consistently among the highest paid IT workers. To preserve the integrity of the certification process and the value of its certifications, Cisco has partnered with Pearson VUE to implement a tough new set of security measures.

“Employers rely on our certifications to validate that a potential employee or contractor has the level of knowledge and expertise to perform on the job,” said Fred Weiller, Director of Marketing for Learning@Cisco. “For an individual a certification represents an investment in time and money to present himself as an expert in the networking field. We are acting to defend the integrity of Cisco certifications.”

“I’ve been in testing since the 1980’s with Control Data’s first computer testing implementation,” said Randy Trask, Vice President of Market Development for Pearson VUE, “and I can tell you that cheating has always been around. What’s changed is the pervasiveness of the internet. In a half second, an individual can compromise intellectual property around the globe in forums that are highly categorized and easily accessible.”

Who are the Culprits?

Trask said that VUE and Cisco had identified three main categories of people who attempt to compromise certification exams: proxy test takers, item harvesters and cheaters. “When we began to devise counter measures, we developed techniques directed to each of the three groups,” said Trask.

Proxy test takers go to a test center and sit for an exam registered as another individual. “It’s an age old problem,” said Trask, “but it’s definitely a problem that we continue to see.”

An item harvester is someone who takes an exam under their real name, but their sole intention is to steal intellectual property. The worst offenders in this category are those in the employ of black market test vendors or other organizations who believe they can profit from stealing test questions. A less sinister item harvester is someone who used a brain dump site to prepare for the exam and returns to the site to post several items that he remembers to “give back” to the group.

Cheaters are individuals who are not trying to profit stealing intellectual property; they are just dishonest people willing to cheat to pass an exam. “It’s like when you were in school and somebody wrote the answers on the bottom of his shoe,” said Trask.

Candidate Authentication Program

The candidate authentication program is designed as a counter measure to the proxy test taker. Under this program, each Cisco exam candidate will have to sit for a digital photograph and provide a digital signature. The photo and signature will become a permanent part of the exam record. If a candidate refuses to provide the photo and signature, they will not be allowed to take the exam.

“In a proxy testing investigation, being able to review photographs associated with exams is a powerful investigative tool,” said Trask. “If we have the same photograph appearing under different names and signatures, it provides evidence that is difficult to refute.”

“This is really going to help deter proxy test takers directly, but I also think it is going to increase the overall level of awareness about our tightened security measures so some of the cheaters will not be so bold. The equipment and the process are highly visible at the testing centers,” said Trask.

All Pearson VUE testing centers worldwide are being equipped to implement the program and hundreds have already been outfitted with the technology. Pearson plans to rollout the program in three separate waves by region as they achieve critical mass with installed sites. Once the program is activated in a region, people who refuse to participate will not be allowed to test.

Exam Data Forensics

During a Cisco certification exam, each keystroke is logged and a record is created that includes the length of the test period, how much time was spent on each question, whether an answer was changed, how much time was spent on the second answer, etc. After the exam is completed, but before the results are processed, each exam session is analyzed by forensic software that analyzes the session against established behaviors and suspect exams are flagged for investigation.

“When you analyze a testing program the size of Cisco’s, you develop an extensive knowledge base of behaviors you expect to see at every level of the examination,” said Trask. “We’ve broken the population down by age, sex, education, country, etc., and we know what to expect in almost every instance. We’ve established norms for behavior for an individual taking an exam for the first time, for taking an exam a second time after failing initially. We know how the distractors should be performing. We’ve amassed a wealth of knowledge for every test question.”

When an exam is flagged, it is investigated by VUE psychologists and security teams. If they determine that there is a problem with the cisco certification test, the results are invalidated and the candidate is offered a free chance to retake the test. They are given a different form of the test and have the opportunity to validate that they understood the information and should have passed the test.

Program Data Forensics

Another layer of security examines a wide range of other program attributes to determine what is occurring within the program. “We’re comparing testing center to testing center, and within a center, we are comparing one administrator to another administrator to see if inconsistencies emerge,” Trask said. “We look at things like candidates who live in one country but test in another; we review financial information, credit card information; just a very wide range of information to see patterns and inconsistencies.”

Consequences

In the past when someone was caught cheating they would have their score invalidated and their credential could be revoked. The most serious consequence would be preventing the individual from participating in a certification program. But the stakes are going up.

“Our evidence collection is now done for evidentiary purposes,” said Trask. ‘We intend to pursue civil and criminal remedies against people who choose to profit from violating or infringing on our intellectual property. And I applaud Cisco for it. Previously people wanted to avoid any bad PR related to going after these groups, but both Pearson and Cisco are taking it very seriously and we will take action against them.”

“It is not just an intellectual property issue,” said Weiller. “Ultimately it’s about protecting the integrity and value of the certification. Since test development is very expensive process, we can establish direct and consequential damages for which we can pursue recovery. The laws governing intellectual property give us a legal basis to pursue these people, but the objective is to protect the brand and the equity in the certification.”

“Our program year after year is seen as having solid value in the marketplace,” said Erik Ullanderson, Manager of Global Certifications for Learning@Cisco, the group responsible for Cisco training and certification. “We recently awarded our one millionth certification and the majority of those people earned their credentials fairly. We are protecting their investment and the value that employers place on Cisco certifications.”

Awareness and Engagement

Cisco and Pearson are developing targeted messaging that will be delivered in email campaigns to certification holders and on posters in testing centers. One central theme will be appropriate vs. inappropriate study methods and behavior. “In many instances, candidates don’t see anything wrong about using or contributing to brain dump sites,” said Trask. “We are going to be educating people about the local and federal laws governing theft of intellectual property in the various regions around the world.”

Another effort will be to engage certification holders to alert program representatives in cases where people don’t seem to have the requisite skills for a certification. “People who have earned a certification honestly have a vested interest in protecting the integrity of the process and the value of their certification,” said Trask. “Anytime someone has a certification but doesn’t have the skills to do the job, it hurts the value of everyone’s certification.”

The coordinated program will only be used with Cisco certifications at present, but Trask thinks that other certification sponsors will follow. “The candidate authentication program is the first real security effort since we rolled out IT certification in the late 80’s, and we are glad that the leadership at Cisco was willing to take the brave first step,” he said. “Combined with the forensics and educational outreach we are confident that the program will have a major impact on exam security worldwide.”

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